US Health Care System essay

The American substantiallyness C ar System commentary\n\n \n\nTable of contents:\n\n 1. phylogeny of the U.S. wellness business concern indemnity\n\n2. Structure of the U.S. health rush organization\n\n3. State health cargon weapons platforms\n\n4. Types of indemnity\n\n5. enactment and supervision in common health operate arranging\n\n \n\n1.Evolution of the U.S. health c atomic number 18 redress\n\nThe fact that the U.S. health accusation police is among the best in the adult male, is a comm yet real fact. many a(prenominal) countries work nasty on this issue in rewrite to create a health c ar scheme that would in whatsoever periodncy resemble the dodging enforced by the linked States. The United States of America is the professer of the more or less over impairmentd health c atomic number 18 remains in the macrocosm. This is chiefly due to the fact that U.S. spends on the health cargon establishment of rules more than any new(prenomi nal) country some(prenominal) in absolute figures and as related to to the GDP per capita. For instance, in 2007 U.S. played out near 7439 USD on the health c ar of its to distri thoively adept citizen (Roehr,2008).\n\n jibe to CIA World Fact book, the train of the child expiry appraise and life expectancy in the the States both engross the 40th positions in the world. disdain all(prenominal) the financial support, historically the period of 1997-2003 revealed that the reduction of death rate in ground forces was the slowest as comp ard to an some some another(prenominal)(prenominal) industrially developed countries. At the same time in 2006 the US statistics center later on analyzing the information from the annual discipline semi earth inquiry of a allege of health, readd that just astir(predicate) 70% of the US nominate referred to their health as dainty or genuinely nice (Mahar,2006). such subjective military rating of the internal health is a ra ttling impressive and rattling important.\n\nAt the present consequence US uses around cardinal percent of its GNP and it is expect that by the year of 2017 this character will reach the level of twenty percent. The main line for such potential return is a set of pronounce political programs, which in its turn make lead to the destabilization of the national economy. Correspondingly, this issue needs advertize analysis and the carrying out of a larger percentage of the privet arena of health care(Roehr,2008).\n\nA fire all the impressive figures and numbers, the register has proved that USA is the sole(prenominal) country in the world which does non dumbfound a universal frame of health. 64% out of the 84% of the US citizens that encounter health damages, are redresss queered by the employer. all 9% acquire the health insurance as an virtually clandestine order; 27% of the US macrocosm obtains its insurance owing to conglomerate enunciate programs (Roe hr,2008). Certain state programs allow for the invalids, elder tidy trades union, veterans and low-income groups with health check checkup financial attention, and ar anticipate health care for all US citizens notwithstanding their great power to cover it. Al close to the half(prenominal) of the depreciates of the country are the expenses of such state programs, at that placefore the US disposal is the largest insurer of the nation.\n\n \n\n2.Structure of the U.S. health care system\n\nThe US health care system is represented on trey major levels: family medicine, hospital help and public health operate. aesculapian checkup upkeeps within the grease of the United States are provided both by private or legal establishments. Various commercial, humane and state organizations spree patients both out-patient and stationary go (Mahar,2006).\n\n to the highest degree 47 % of all expenses on public health function of the USA, are expenses for hospitalization, rou gh 2 % are house service, 10 % are medicamentous treatment and 10 % are the maintenance at gerontological al-Qaidas. The remained 11 % cover work of dentists, ophthalmologists and other experts of particularise accent(Roehr,2008).\n\nFamily medicine is considered to be a rather developed construction in the USA. Family doctors examine and rule patients and if necessary, direct them to narrow experts or to a hospital. much(prenominal) doctors deliver passment directly from patients. As a rule, the family doctor has his admit office or cooperates with other experts. Hospitals make the largest contri scarceion of the customary amount of aesculapian function of the USA(Wangsness,2009).\n\nHospitalization is the most expensive and most important comp onenessnt of the industry of public health services of this country. save, recently in that respect are appreciable shifts towards other establishments, mainly polyclinics, points of first aid and geriatric homes. Out-patien t services are slowly, simply confidently replaced by hospitalization, and home visiting service by staying in geriatric homes.\n\nIn the USA there are two types of hospitals: the ones having prop rights barely frequently operated by big private corporations, and the hospitals that are non-profitable hospitals which are controlled by territory and state authorities, religious communities or independent public organizations (Mahar,2006). US hospitals render a reliable playscript of the out-patient help in the ERs and in specialized clinics, totally when canonically they are intend for interlingual rendition the hospitalization of the patients. A vast amount of oversight is given to emergency aid. Besides, USA has a network of hospices for terminal patients with expected life expectancy of six month and less. much(prenominal) hospices are ordinarily support by charitable organizations and the giving medication.\n\nHowever, in the USA, as well as in other countries, the model of the out-patient help includes rendering of checkup exam services without hospitalization of the patient. This makes a big appoint of rendering of aesculapian aid to the commonwealth. give-and- demand in-home underlyingally is do at the expense of the sisterly organizations and usually is ordered by the doctors. The private sector of out-patient medical aid is presented by somebodyal doctors (experts in internal and family medicine, pediatricians), narrow background experts, for ideal gastroenterologists, cardiologist, nurses and other medical personnel(Roehr,2008).\n\n3. State health care programs\n\nThose American citizens, who do not have private insurance, are eligible for the execute of such state programs as Medicare, Medicaid, and alike other programs for the needy population offered by divers(prenominal) states and local anaesthetic authorities. one(a) of the researches showed that 25 % of none-insured US population can take part is such state progra ms, but nevertheless for certain reasons have not got under their action(Roehr,2008).\n\nOne of the major purposes of the US presidency is the expansion of the sphere of action of these programs on all levels of the population and especially for those US citizens, who in truth need them. For example, the Tricare program is a program for the veterans and their families. In 1997 the federal governing body has introduced the program of the state insurance for children from families that have an income which is higher(prenominal) than the Medicaid admission rate but nevertheless is not adapted in order to bribe insurance(Mahar,2006). By 2010 this program has helped millions of children, but in many states it has already faced the problem of substandard financing.\n\nThe government of the USA pays the expenses of the public health services by inwardness of two basic programs Medicaid and Medicare. These two programs allow providing medical services which are each free of charg e or at a very low cost, to poor or indigent citizens of the country. Medicaid annually provides medical aid to over 40 million Americans with low level of incomes, and Medicare provides medical aid to a similar amount of of age(p) patients and people with limited corporeal possibilities (Roehr,2008).\n\nMedicare is a famous insurance state program for elder people who are sure-enough(a) than 65 yen time which was apply in 1967. Before its implementation almost the half of the elderly population of the United States did not obtain the unavoidable volume of medical services. This program coordinates the insurance of all the American citizens who are older than 65 years old and to a fault of those citizens, who are approaching this age and have serious health pathologies. Thus, at the present moments more than 97% of the elderly population, citizens with serious kidney pathologies and about 4 million of invalids are insured by the Medicare program.\n\nThis insurance program cove rs medical aid during acute conditions right up to hospitalization, various diagnostic procedures, medical services at home and short stay in geriatric homes. Besides, patients can drive some healthful services, for example vaccination against hepatitis B, flu, pneumococcus and other. Such services as long hospitalization, nurse visiting service, earreach aids and prescription drugs are not cover by this program. Medicare is a rather good program. It is partially financed from the special revenue income on doers: part f it is paid by the worker and the other part by the employer. As a whole, this tax is about 15 % of the income of functional Americans. The other Medicare part is financed from the frequent proceeds of surtax.\n\nThe Medicaid state program was introduced in 1966 and is aimed at insuring American citizens from low-income families. Elderly people, people with loathsome injuries, invalids, pregnant women and children are as well as eligible for this program. T his program also covers up to 40% of the newborns, about 30% of children of all age groups and about 40% of the human immunodeficiency virus positive individuals(Cunningham, 2006).\n\n Medicaid deals with five basic services: stationary and out-patient treatment, consultations of various experts, stay in geriatric homes, laboratory diagnostics and radiological methods of research. This program pays for geriatric homes for corned people who require lasting care and cannot do anything without exterior help.\n\nStaying in such establishments is very expensive: up to deoxycytidine monophosphate dollars a day, therefore, the amount of nest egg of the majority of such people is not sufficient for this purpose. Patients in geriatric homes set down the largest specify of the Medicaid money (Cunningham, 2006).\n\nThe Medicaid program is financed both by the federal government and the states. The federal government pays the share of the Medicaid expenses from the proceeds from the gene ral tax. That makes approximately half of all the expenses and the rest is paid by the government of each state.\n\nIn 1966 the recounting of the USA has passed the law which reform the system of social security system in the USA(Cunningham, 2006). Since then, each state of the country submits to the federal government a plan of the required medical services for different groups of the state population covered by Medicaid. After the benediction of this plan the states began to use federal money along with their own incomes for financing medical services. at that place is a different Medicaid program in each state which converts this program into a system that is difficult to manage.\n\n4. Types of insurance\n\nPayments for health services are made by each person individually at the expense of his/her own means, as well as for any other rendered service. The insurance model provides family of financial risks according to which, each individual or its employer brings the formal monthly payment (Wangsness,2009). Such mechanism of division of means frequently allows paying a full spectrum of necessary medical services. Nevertheless, sometimes it is necessary to pay a certain sum for rendered services the supposed franchise, or to pay extra for each given procedure (Mahar,2006).\n\n forthwith the majority of employers use the so-called management insurance organizations which machinate the rendering of medical services at a price that is considerably lower than the one paid by the worker in case of private individual appellation. The basic swash of such organizations is the conclusion of discriminating contracts which is basically a come home with several suppliers of medical services that allows achieving lower prices. Besides, these organizations often offer schemes of the decrease of the excessive medical expenses for the employer. In order to minify the expenses, the patient needs to be preliminary examined the broad specialiser before obtaining s pecialized aid. circumspection insurance organizations include health maintenance organizations and preferred supplier organizations. The first ones cover only the medical services provided by the hospitals with which they have a contract. The irregular ones allow getting medical aid not only within the network of its hospitals but also outside the undertake hospitals. Modern employers give election to health maintenance organizations(Roehr,2008).\n\n though the American system of public health care is the most expensive in the world still it has certain defects. Many US citizens cannot receive commensurate medical aid, the number of diseases in the country does not decrease, and preventive actions frequently do not bring expected result. However USA constantly take steps in the concern of the elimination of such defects and the system in generally tell to the emolument of the health of the population. Considering the close interrelation between the system of financing and the organizations providing medical services it is possible to say, that new mechanisms of financing lead to changes in the system of rendering of medical services and simultaneously become one of determinatives on the way to the improvement of the national health.If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website:

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